# Variable dictionary

Each row represents one respondent. This version has no missing values or reverse-scored items.

## d1

Year of undergraduate study

first = First year; second = Second year; third = Third year

## q1_1

I can understand new course material even when it is complex.

Scale: Academic self efficacy. Codes 1 to 5, from low to high agreement.

## q1_2

I know how to approach an unfamiliar academic assignment.

Scale: Academic self efficacy. Codes 1 to 5, from low to high agreement.

## q1_3

I can find a way to resolve a difficulty in my studies.

Scale: Academic self efficacy. Codes 1 to 5, from low to high agreement.

## q1_4

I believe I can meet the requirements of my courses.

Scale: Academic self efficacy. Codes 1 to 5, from low to high agreement.

## q1_5

I can use feedback to improve my academic work.

Scale: Academic self efficacy. Codes 1 to 5, from low to high agreement.

## q2_1

I continue working on an assignment when it takes longer than I expected.

Scale: Learning persistence. Codes 1 to 5, from low to high agreement.

## q2_2

After an unsuccessful attempt, I return to try again.

Scale: Learning persistence. Codes 1 to 5, from low to high agreement.

## q2_3

I set aside regular time to make progress on my coursework.

Scale: Learning persistence. Codes 1 to 5, from low to high agreement.

## q2_4

I complete study tasks even when my motivation is low.

Scale: Learning persistence. Codes 1 to 5, from low to high agreement.

## q2_5

When course material is unclear, I keep looking for an explanation.

Scale: Learning persistence. Codes 1 to 5, from low to high agreement.

## Derived scores

Each scale is the mean of its five items. Higher values indicate more of that construct. There are no reverse-scored items or missing values in this version. Do not combine all ten items into one scale.

`academic_self_efficacy` = mean(q1_1, q1_2, q1_3, q1_4, q1_5)

`learning_persistence` = mean(q2_1, q2_2, q2_3, q2_4, q2_5)